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Alpine Slalom Course Diagram

A gated alpine race course from above: paired poles forming gates set alternately across the fall line, and the curving line a racer takes through them.

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Alpine slalom courseA gated alpine race course seen from above, with paired poles forming gates set alternately across the fall line and a racer's line curving through each of them.123StartFall lineLineEach purple pair is one gateEvery gate must be passed, in order

Questions

Why are the gates set across the slope rather than straight down it?
Setting gates across the fall line is what forces turns. Turning across the slope is also how a skier controls speed, so gate placement is how a course setter decides both the rhythm and the pace of a run.
What makes one alpine discipline different from another?
Mostly gate spacing. Tightly spaced gates force short, frequent turns; gates set far apart allow long, fast arcs. The same slope can host very different events depending on how the course is set.